| When learning a new language, it is always useful to be familiar
with its main grammatical units. This constitutes the first necessary
step in order to understand and create meaningful speech. Here are the main grammatical elements in Spanish and some useful
information about them: Nouns:
A noun is a word which is mostly used to refer to a person or thing.
All nouns in Spanish have a gender, meaning that they are either
masculine or feminine. For example, “niño” (boy)
is masculine and “niña” (girl) is feminine. The
best way to identify gender is undoubtedly experience, although
here are some general guidelines which may be useful at the beginning:
usually nouns ending in –o are masculine and nouns ending
in –a are feminine. Of course there are always exceptions.
For example, “mano” (hand) and “radio”
(radio) are feminine. On the other hand, words
of Greek origin ending in –ma, such as “dilema”
(dilemma) or “problema” (problem) are masculine. When
you are learning new vocabulary, it is recommendable that you learn
a noun together with its corresponding article. That will help you
to remember their gender. For example “la niña”,
“la mano” or “el problema” and “el
niño”. Adjectives:
Adjectives are used to qualify a particular noun, to say something
about it. It is important to remember that in Spanish they are usually
placed after the noun. Since adjectives are always related to a
noun, they have to agree with them in gender and number. This means that if you want to say something about the noun “niño”,
which is masculine and singular, the adjective that you use will
also have to be masculine and singular. Thus, you can say “niño
alto” (tall boy), “niño pequeño”
(small boy), etc. If, on the other hand, if you were talking about
a girl, you would have to say “niña alta” and
“niña pequeña”. Pronouns:
Pronouns substitute for nouns. For example, you can say “la
niña está aquí” (the girl is here) or
“ella está aquí” (she is here). In this
case “ella” is substituting for “la niña”.
The subject pronouns in Spanish are “yo” (I), “tú/usted/vos”
(singular you), él (he), ella (she), nosotros (we), vosotros/ustedes
(plural you), ellos (they). The singular and plural “you” are used differently
depending on the dialect
of Spanish that you are using. It is important to remember that
subject pronouns are frequently omitted in Spanish, since the ending
of the verb already indicates this. Thus, native spears would say
“estoy aquí” (I’m here) rather than “yo
estoy aquí”. Verbs:
Verbs indicate actions. Usually when you enumerate a verb, you use
what is called the infinitive, for example “hablar”
(to speak). In Spanish there are three different types of verbs,
depending of how their infinitive ends. These different categories
are called conjugations. Thus, there are verbs ending in –ar, such as “hablar”,
in -er “comer” (to eat) and in –ir “dormir”
(to sleep). As mentioned before, verbs in Spanish have different
endings depending on who the subject of the action is. These endings
will vary from one conjugation to the other. For example, with the
verb “hablar”, the singular “you” is “(tú)
hablas”, whereas with “comer” it is “(tú)
comes”. This can obviously be complicated for learners at
the beginning, but once you get used to it, you will have no problem
communicating effectively. |
